pbarriat
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learning-fortran


			
				
					
						
						
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							<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</title><meta property="og:title" content="Introduction to structured programming with Fortran"><meta name="author" content="P.Y. Barriat"><meta property="article:author" content="P.Y. Barriat"><meta name="description" content="https://dev.to/nikolab/complete-list-of-github-markdown-emoji-markup-5aia"><meta property="og:description" content="https://dev.to/nikolab/complete-list-of-github-markdown-emoji-markup-5aia"><meta charset="UTF-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,height=device-height,initial-scale=1.0"><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"><style>@media screen{body[data-bespoke-view=""] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button,body[data-bespoke-view=next] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container button,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-note-container 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<h1><svg data-marp-fitting="svg"><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content>Introduction to structured programming with <code>Fortran</code></span></foreignObject></svg></h1>
<p><a href="https://gogs.elic.ucl.ac.be/pbarriat/learning-fortran">https://gogs.elic.ucl.ac.be/pbarriat/learning-fortran</a></p>
<p><img src="assets/fortran_logo.png" alt="" style="height:150px;" /></p>
<h3>Pierre-Yves Barriat</h3>
<h5>November 09, 2022</h5>
<h6>CISM/CÉCI Training Sessions</h6>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="2" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="2" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
<h1>Fortran : shall we start ?</h1>
<ul>
<li>You know already one computer language ?</li>
<li>You understand the very basic programming concepts :
<ul>
<li>What is a variable, an assignment, function call, etc.?</li>
<li>Why do I have to compile my code?</li>
<li>What is an executable?</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>You (may) already know some Fortran ?</li>
<li>How to proceed from old Fortran, to much more modern languages like Fortran 90/2003 ?</li>
</ul>
<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="3" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="3" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
<h1>Why to learn Fortran ?</h1>
<ul>
<li>Because of the execution <code>speed</code> of a program</li>
<li>Well suited for numerical computations :<br />
more than 45% of scientific applications are in Fortran</li>
<li><code>Fast</code> code : compilers can optimize well</li>
<li>Optimized <code>numerical libraries</code> available</li>
<li>Fortran is a <code>simple</code> langage and it is (kind-of) <code>easy to learn</code></li>
</ul>
<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="4" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="4" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
<h1>Fortran is simple</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>We want to get our science done! Not learn languages!</strong></li>
<li>How easy/difficult is it really to learn Fortran ?</li>
<li>The concept is easy:<br />
<em>variables, operators, controls, loops, subroutines/functions</em></li>
<li><strong>Invest some time now, gain big later!</strong></li>
</ul>
<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="5" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="5" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
<h1>History</h1>
<p><strong>FOR</strong>mula <strong>TRAN</strong>slation</p>
<blockquote>
<p>invented 1954-8 by John Backus and his team at IBM</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>FORTRAN 66 (ISO Standard 1972)</li>
<li>FORTRAN 77 (1978)</li>
<li>Fortran 90 (1991)</li>
<li>Fortran 95 (1997)</li>
<li>Fortran 2003 (2004) → <code>&quot;standard&quot; version</code></li>
<li>Fortran 2008 (2010)</li>
<li>Fortran 2018 (11/2018)</li>
</ul>
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<h1>Starting with Fortran 77</h1>
<ul>
<li>Old Fortran provides only the absolute minimum!</li>
<li>Basic features :<br />
data containers (integer, float, ...), arrays, basic operators, loops, I/O, subroutines and functions</li>
<li>But this version has flaws:<br />
no dynamic memory allocation, old &amp; obsolete constructs, “spaghetti” code, etc.</li>
<li>Is that enough to write code ?</li>
</ul>
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<h1>Fortran 77 → Fortran &gt;90</h1>
<ul>
<li>If Fortran 77 is so simple, why is it then so difficult to write good code?</li>
<li>Is simple really better?<br />
⇒ Using a language allows us to express our thoughts (on a computer)</li>
<li>A more sophisticated language allows for more complex thoughts</li>
<li>More language elements to get organized<br />
⇒ Fortran 90/95/2003 (recursive, OOP, etc)</li>
</ul>
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<h1>How to Build a FORTRAN Program</h1>
<p>FORTRAN is a compiled language (like C) so the source code (what you write) must be converted into machine code before it can be executed (e.g. Make command)</p>
<p><img src="assets/build_fortran.png" alt="" style="height:400px;" /></p>
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<h1>FORTRAN 77 Format</h1>
<p>This version requires a fixed format for programs</p>
<p><img src="assets/f77_format.png" alt="" style="height:300px;" /></p>
<ul>
<li>max length variable names is 6 characters</li>
<li>alphanumeric only, must start with a letter</li>
<li>character strings are case sensitive</li>
</ul>
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<h1>FORTRAN &gt;90 Format</h1>
<p>Versions &gt;90 relaxe these requirements:</p>
<ul>
<li>comments following statements (! delimiter)</li>
<li>long variable names (31 characters)</li>
<li>containing only letters, digits or underscore</li>
<li>max row length is 132 characters</li>
<li>can be max 39 continuation lines</li>
<li>if a line is ended with ampersand (&amp;), the line continues onto the next line</li>
<li>semicolon (;) as a separator between statements on a single line</li>
<li>allows free field input</li>
</ul>
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<h1>Program Organization</h1>
<p>Most FORTRAN programs consist of a main program and one or more subprograms</p>
<p>There is a fixed order:</p>
<pre><code class="language-Fortran90"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap>Heading
Declarations
Variable initializations
Program code
Format statements

Subprogram definitions
(functions &amp; subroutines)
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
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<h1>Data Type Declarations</h1>
<p>Basic data types are :</p>
<ul>
<li><code>INTEGER</code> : integer numbers (+/-)</li>
<li><code>REAL</code> : floating point numbers</li>
<li><code>DOUBLE PRECISION</code> : extended precision floating point</li>
<li><code>CHARACTER*n</code> : string with up to <strong>n</strong> characters</li>
<li><code>LOGICAL</code> : takes on values <code>.TRUE.</code> or <code>.FALSE.</code></li>
</ul>
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<h1>Data Type Declarations</h1>
<p><code>INTEGER</code> and <code>REAL</code> can specify number of bytes to use</p>
<ul>
<li>Default is: <code>INTEGER*4</code> and <code>REAL*4</code></li>
<li><code>DOUBLE PRECISION</code> is same as <code>REAL*8</code></li>
</ul>
<p>Arrays of any type must be declared:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>DIMENSION A(3,5)</code> - declares a 3 x 5 array</li>
<li><code>CHARACTER*30 NAME(50)</code> - directly declares a character array with 30 character strings in each element</li>
</ul>
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<h1>Data Type Declarations</h1>
<p>FORTRAN &gt;90 allows user defined types</p>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">TYPE</span> my_variable
  <span class="hljs-keyword">character</span>(<span class="hljs-number">30</span>)           :: <span class="hljs-keyword">name</span>
  <span class="hljs-keyword">integer</span>                 :: id
  <span class="hljs-keyword">real</span>(<span class="hljs-number">8</span>)                 :: <span class="hljs-keyword">value</span>
  <span class="hljs-keyword">integer</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">dimension</span>(<span class="hljs-number">3</span>,<span class="hljs-number">3</span>) :: dimIndex
<span class="hljs-keyword">END</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">TYPE</span> variable

<span class="hljs-keyword">type</span>(my_variable) var
var%<span class="hljs-keyword">name</span> = <span class="hljs-string">&quot;salinity&quot;</span>
var%id   = <span class="hljs-number">1</span>
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
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<h1>Implicit vs Explicit Declarations</h1>
<p>By default, an implicit type is assumed depending on the first letter of the variable name:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>A-H, O-Z</code> define REAL variables</li>
<li><code>I-N</code> define INTEGER variables</li>
</ul>
<p>Can use the IMPLICIT statement:</p>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">IMPLICIT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">REAL</span> (A-Z) 
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>makes all variables REAL if not declared</p>
</blockquote>
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<h1>Implicit vs Explicit Declarations</h1>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">IMPLICIT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">CHARACTER</span>*<span class="hljs-number">2</span> (W)
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>makes variables starting with W be 2-character strings</p>
</blockquote>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">IMPLICIT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">DOUBLE</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">PRECISION</span> (D)
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>makes variables starting with D be double precision</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>Good habit</strong>: force explicit type declarations</p>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">IMPLICIT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">NONE</span>
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>user must explicitly declare all variable types</p>
</blockquote>
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<h1>Assignment Statements</h1>
<p><strong>Old</strong> assignment statement: <code>&lt;label&gt;</code> <code>&lt;variable&gt;</code> = <code>&lt;expression&gt;</code></p>
<ul>
<li><code>&lt;label&gt;</code> : statement label number (1 to 99999)</li>
<li><code>&lt;variable&gt;</code> : FORTRAN variable<br />
(max 6 characters, alphanumeric only for standard FORTRAN 77)</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Expression</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li>Numeric expressions: <code>VAR = 3.5*COS(THETA)</code></li>
<li>Character expressions: <code>DAY(1:3) = 'TUE'</code></li>
<li>Relational expressions: <code>FLAG = ANS .GT. 0</code></li>
<li>Logical expressions: <code>FLAG = F1 .OR. F2</code></li>
</ul>
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<h1>Numeric Expressions</h1>
<p>Arithmetic operators: precedence: <code>**</code> <em>(high)</em> → <code>-</code> <em>(low)</em></p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Operator</th>
<th>Function</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>**</code></td>
<td>exponentiation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>*</code></td>
<td>multiplication</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>/</code></td>
<td>division</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>+</code></td>
<td>addition</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>-</code></td>
<td>subtraction</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<h1>Numeric Expressions</h1>
<p>Numeric expressions are up-cast to the highest data type in the expression according to the precedence:</p>
<p><em>(low)</em> logical → integer → real → complex <em>(high)</em></p>
<p>and smaller byte size <em>(low)</em> to larger byte size <em>(high)</em></p>
<h2>Example:</h2>
<blockquote>
<p>fortran 77 source code <a href="https://gogs.elic.ucl.ac.be/pbarriat/learning-fortran/src/master/src/01_arith.f">arith.f</a></p>
</blockquote>
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<h1>Character Expressions</h1>
<p>Only built-in operator is <strong>Concatenation</strong> defined by <code>//</code></p>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-string">&#x27;ILL&#x27;</span>//<span class="hljs-string">&#x27;-&#x27;</span>//<span class="hljs-string">&#x27;ADVISED&#x27;</span>
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
<p><code>character</code> arrays are most commonly encountered</p>
<ul>
<li>treated like any array (indexed using : notation)</li>
<li>fixed length (usually padded with blanks)</li>
</ul>
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<h1>Character Expressions</h1>
<p>Example:</p>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">CHARACTER</span> FAMILY*<span class="hljs-number">16</span>
FAMILY = ‘GEORGE P. BURDELL’

<span class="hljs-built_in">PRINT</span>*,FAMILY(:<span class="hljs-number">6</span>)
<span class="hljs-built_in">PRINT</span>*,FAMILY(<span class="hljs-number">8</span>:<span class="hljs-number">9</span>)
<span class="hljs-built_in">PRINT</span>*,FAMILY(<span class="hljs-number">11</span>:)
<span class="hljs-built_in">PRINT</span>*,FAMILY(:<span class="hljs-number">6</span>)//FAMILY(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>:)
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap>GEORGE
P.
BURDELL
GEORGE BURDELL
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
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<h1>Relational Expressions</h1>
<p>Two expressions whose values are compared to determine whether the relation is true or false</p>
<ul>
<li>may be numeric (common) or non-numeric</li>
</ul>
<p><code>character</code>  strings can be compared</p>
<ul>
<li>done character by character</li>
<li>shorter string is padded with blanks for comparison</li>
</ul>
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<h1>Relational Expressions</h1>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Operator</th>
<th>Relationship</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>.LT.</code> or <code>&lt;</code></td>
<td>less than</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>.LE.</code> or <code>&lt;=</code></td>
<td>less than or equal to</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>.EQ.</code> or <code>==</code></td>
<td>equal to</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>.NE.</code> or <code>/=</code></td>
<td>not equal to</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>.GT.</code> or <code>&gt;</code></td>
<td>greater than</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>.GE.</code> or <code>&gt;=</code></td>
<td>greater than or equal to</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<h1>Logical Expressions</h1>
<p>Consists of one or more logical operators and logical, numeric or relational operands</p>
<ul>
<li>values are <code>.TRUE.</code> or <code>.FALSE.</code></li>
<li>need to consider overall operator precedence</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>can combine logical and integer data with logical operators but this is tricky (<strong>avoid!</strong>)</p>
</blockquote>
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<h1>Logical Expressions</h1>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>F77 Operator</th>
<th>&gt;F90 Operator</th>
<th>Example</th>
<th>Meaning</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>.AND.</code></td>
<td><code>&amp;&amp;</code></td>
<td><code>A .AND. B</code></td>
<td>logical <code>AND</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>.OR.</code></td>
<td><code>||</code></td>
<td><code>A .OR. B</code></td>
<td>logical <code>OR</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>.EQV.</code></td>
<td><code>==</code></td>
<td><code>A .EQV. B</code></td>
<td>logical equivalence</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>.NEQV.</code></td>
<td><code>/=</code></td>
<td><code>A .NEQV. B</code></td>
<td>logical inequivalence</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>.XOR.</code></td>
<td><code>/=</code></td>
<td><code>A .XOR. B</code></td>
<td>exclusive <code>OR</code> (same as <code>.NEQV.</code>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>.NOT.</code></td>
<td><code>!</code></td>
<td><code>.NOT. A</code></td>
<td>logical negation</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<h1>Arrays in FORTRAN</h1>
<p>Arrays can be multi-dimensional (up to 7 in F77) and are indexed using <code>( )</code>:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>TEST(3)</code> or <code>FORCE(4,2)</code></li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>Indices are by default defined as <code>1...N</code></p>
</blockquote>
<p>We can specify index range in declaration</p>
<ul>
<li><code>INTEGER K(0:11)</code> : <code>K</code> is dimensioned from <code>0-11</code> (12 elements)</li>
</ul>
<p>Arrays are stored in column order (1st column, 2nd column, etc) so accessing by incrementing row index first usually is fastest</p>
<p>Whole array reference (only in &gt;F90): <code>K(:)=-8</code> assigns 8 to all elements in K</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Avoid <code>K=-8</code> assignement</p>
</blockquote>
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<h1>Unconditional <code>GO TO</code> in F77</h1>
<p>This is the only GOTO in FORTRAN 77</p>
<ul>
<li>Syntax: <code>GO TO label</code></li>
<li>Unconditional transfer to labeled statement</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap>  <span class="hljs-number">10</span>  -code-
      GO TO <span class="hljs-number">30</span>
      -code that is bypassed-
  <span class="hljs-number">30</span>  -code that is <span class="hljs-keyword">target</span> of <span class="hljs-keyword">GOTO</span>-
      -more code-
      GO TO <span class="hljs-number">10</span>
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
<ul>
<li><strong>Problem</strong> : leads to confusing <em>&quot;spaghetti code&quot;</em> <img class="emoji" draggable="false" alt="💥" src="https://twemoji.maxcdn.com/v/14.0.2/svg/1f4a5.svg" data-marp-twemoji=""/></li>
</ul>
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<h1><code>IF ELSE IF</code> Statement</h1>
<p>Basic version:</p>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">IF</span> (KSTAT.EQ<span class="hljs-number">.1</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">THEN</span>
  <span class="hljs-keyword">CLASS</span>=<span class="hljs-string">&#x27;FRESHMAN&#x27;</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">ELSE</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">IF</span> (KSTAT.EQ<span class="hljs-number">.2</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">THEN</span>
  <span class="hljs-keyword">CLASS</span>=<span class="hljs-string">&#x27;SOPHOMORE&#x27;</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">ELSE</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">IF</span> (KSTAT.EQ<span class="hljs-number">.3</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">THEN</span>
  <span class="hljs-keyword">CLASS</span>=<span class="hljs-string">&#x27;JUNIOR&#x27;</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">ELSE</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">IF</span> (KSTAT.EQ<span class="hljs-number">.4</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">THEN</span>
  <span class="hljs-keyword">CLASS</span>=<span class="hljs-string">&#x27;SENIOR&#x27;</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">ELSE</span>
  <span class="hljs-keyword">CLASS</span>=<span class="hljs-string">&#x27;UNKNOWN&#x27;</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">ENDIF</span>
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
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<h1>Spaghetti Code in F77 (and before)</h1>
<p>Use of <code>GO TO</code> and arithmetic <code>IF</code>'s leads to bad code that is very hard to maintain</p>
<p>Here is the equivalent of an <code>IF-THEN-ELSE</code> statement:</p>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap>  <span class="hljs-number">10</span>  <span class="hljs-keyword">IF</span> (KEY.LT<span class="hljs-number">.0</span>) GO TO <span class="hljs-number">20</span>
      TEST=TEST-<span class="hljs-number">1</span>
      THETA=<span class="hljs-built_in">ATAN</span>(X,Y)
      GO TO <span class="hljs-number">30</span>
  <span class="hljs-number">20</span>  TEST=TEST+<span class="hljs-number">1</span>
      THETA=<span class="hljs-built_in">ATAN</span>(-X,Y)
  <span class="hljs-number">30</span>  <span class="hljs-keyword">CONTINUE</span>
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
<p>Now try to figure out what a complex <code>IF ELSE IF</code> statement would look like coded with this kind of simple <code>IF</code>...</p>
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<h1>Loop Statements (old versions)</h1>
<p><code>DO</code> loop: structure that executes a specified number of times</p>
<p><em>Spaghetti Code Version</em></p>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap>      K=<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
  <span class="hljs-number">10</span>  <span class="hljs-built_in">PRINT</span>*,A(K)
      K=K+<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
      <span class="hljs-keyword">IF</span> (K.LE<span class="hljs-number">.11</span>) GO TO <span class="hljs-number">10</span>
  <span class="hljs-number">20</span>  <span class="hljs-keyword">CONTINUE</span>
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
<p><em>F77 Version</em></p>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap>      <span class="hljs-keyword">DO</span> <span class="hljs-number">100</span> K=<span class="hljs-number">2</span>,<span class="hljs-number">10</span>,<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
      <span class="hljs-built_in">PRINT</span>*,A(K)
 <span class="hljs-number">100</span>  <span class="hljs-keyword">CONTINUE</span>
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
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<h1>Loop Statements (&gt;F90)</h1>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">DO</span> K=<span class="hljs-number">2</span>,<span class="hljs-number">10</span>,<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
  <span class="hljs-built_in">WRITE</span>(*,*) A(K)
<span class="hljs-keyword">END</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">DO</span>
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>Loop _control can include variables and a third parameter to specify increments, including negative values</li>
<li>Loop always executes ONCE before testing for end condition</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap>READ(*,*) R
<span class="hljs-keyword">DO</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">WHILE</span> (R.GE<span class="hljs-number">.0</span>) 
  VOL=<span class="hljs-number">2</span>*PI*R**<span class="hljs-number">2</span>*CLEN
  READ(*,*) R
<span class="hljs-keyword">END</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">DO</span>
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>Loop will not execute at all if logical_expr is not true at start</li>
</ul>
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<h1>Comments on Loop Statements</h1>
<p>In old versions:</p>
<ul>
<li>to transfer out (exit loop), use a <code>GO TO</code></li>
<li>to skip to next loop, use <code>GO TO</code> terminating statement (this is a good reason to always make this a <code>CONTINUE</code> statement)</li>
</ul>
<p>In new versions:</p>
<ul>
<li>to transfer out (exit loop), use <code>EXIT</code> statement and control is transferred to statement following loop end. This means you cannot transfer out of multiple nested loops with a single <code>EXIT</code> statement (use named loops if needed - <code>myloop : do i=1,n</code>). This is much like a <code>BREAK</code> statement in other languages.</li>
<li>to skip to next loop cycle, use <code>CYCLE</code> statement in loop.</li>
</ul>
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<h1>File-Directed Input and Output</h1>
<p>Much of early FORTRAN was devoted to reading input data<br />
from Cards and writing to a line printer</p>
<p>Today, most I/O is to and from a file: it requires more extensive I/O capabilities standardized until FORTRAN 77</p>
<p><strong>I/O</strong> = communication between a program and the outside world</p>
<ul>
<li>opening and closing a file with <code>OPEN</code> &amp; <code>CLOSE</code></li>
<li>data reading &amp; writing with <code>READ</code> &amp; <code>WRITE</code></li>
<li>can use <strong>unformatted</strong> <code>READ</code> &amp; <code>WRITE</code> if no human readable data are involved (much faster access, smaller files)</li>
</ul>
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<h1><code>OPEN</code> &amp; <code>CLOSE</code> example</h1>
<p>Once opened, file is referred to by an assigned device number (a unique id)</p>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">character</span>(len=*) :: x_name
<span class="hljs-keyword">integer</span>          :: ierr, iSize, guess_unit
<span class="hljs-keyword">logical</span>          :: itsopen, itexists
<span class="hljs-comment">!</span>
inquire(<span class="hljs-keyword">file</span>=<span class="hljs-built_in">trim</span>(x_name), <span class="hljs-built_in">size</span>=iSize, <span class="hljs-keyword">number</span>=guess_unit, <span class="hljs-keyword">opened</span>=itsopen, <span class="hljs-keyword">exist</span>=itexists)
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> ( itsopen ) close(guess_unit, <span class="hljs-keyword">status</span>=<span class="hljs-string">&#x27;delete&#x27;</span>)
<span class="hljs-comment">!</span>
open(<span class="hljs-number">902</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">file</span>=<span class="hljs-built_in">trim</span>(x_name),<span class="hljs-keyword">status</span>=<span class="hljs-string">&#x27;new&#x27;</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">iostat</span>=ierr)
<span class="hljs-comment">!</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (iSize &lt;= <span class="hljs-number">0</span> .OR. .NOT.itexists) <span class="hljs-keyword">then</span>
  open(<span class="hljs-number">902</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">file</span>=<span class="hljs-built_in">trim</span>(x_name),<span class="hljs-keyword">status</span>=<span class="hljs-string">&#x27;new&#x27;</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">iostat</span>=ierr)
  <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (ierr /= <span class="hljs-number">0</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">then</span>
    ...
    close(<span class="hljs-number">902</span>)
  <span class="hljs-keyword">endif</span>
  ...
<span class="hljs-keyword">endif</span>
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="35" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="35" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
<h1><code>READ</code> Statement</h1>
<ul>
<li>syntax: <code>READ(dev_no, format_label) variable_list</code></li>
<li>read a record from <code>dev_no</code> using <code>format_label</code> and assign results to variables in <code>variable_list</code></li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap>      READ(<span class="hljs-number">105</span>,<span class="hljs-number">1000</span>) A,B,C
 <span class="hljs-number">1000</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">FORMAT</span>(<span class="hljs-number">3</span>F12<span class="hljs-number">.4</span>)
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>device numbers 1-7 are defined as standard I/O devices</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>each <code>READ</code> reads one or more lines of data and any remaining data in a line that is read is dropped if not translated to one of the variables in the <code>variable_list</code></li>
<li><code>variable_list</code> can include implied <code>DO</code> such as: <code>READ(105,1000)(A(I),I=1,10)</code></li>
</ul>
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</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="36" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="36" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
<h1><code>READ</code> Statement - cont'd</h1>
<ul>
<li>input items can be integer, real or character</li>
<li>characters must be enclosed in <code>' '</code></li>
<li>input items are separated by commas</li>
<li>input items must agree in type with variables in <code>variable_list</code></li>
<li>each <code>READ</code> processes a new record (line)</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">INTEGER</span> K
<span class="hljs-keyword">REAL</span>(<span class="hljs-number">8</span>) A,B
OPEN(<span class="hljs-number">105</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">FILE</span>=<span class="hljs-string">&#x27;path_to_existing_file&#x27;</span>)
READ(<span class="hljs-number">105</span>,*) A,B,K
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>read one line and look for floating point values for A and B and an integer for K</p>
</blockquote>
<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="37" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="37" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
<h1><code>WRITE</code> Statement</h1>
<ul>
<li>syntax: <code>WRITE(dev_no, format_label) variable_list</code></li>
<li>write variables in <code>variable_list</code> to output <code>dev_no</code> using format specified in format statement with  <code>format_label</code></li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap>      <span class="hljs-built_in">WRITE</span>(*,<span class="hljs-number">1000</span>) A,B,KEY
 <span class="hljs-number">1000</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">FORMAT</span>(F12<span class="hljs-number">.4</span>,E14<span class="hljs-number">.5</span>,I6)
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap>|----+----o----+----o----+----o----+----|
    <span class="hljs-number">1234.5678</span>  -<span class="hljs-number">0.12345E+02</span>    <span class="hljs-number">12</span>
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>device number <code>*</code> is by default the screen (or <em>standard output</em> - also 6)</li>
<li>each <code>WRITE</code> produces one or more output lines as needed to write out <code>variable_list</code> using <code>format</code> statement</li>
<li><code>variable_list</code> can include implied <code>DO</code> such as: <code>WRITE(*,2000)(A(I),I=1,10)</code></li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="38" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="38" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
<h1><code>FORMAT</code> Statement</h1>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>data type</th>
<th>format descriptors</th>
<th>example</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>integer</code></td>
<td><code>iw</code></td>
<td><code>write(*,'(i5)') int</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>real</code> (<em>decimal</em>)</td>
<td><code>fw.d</code></td>
<td><code>write(*,'(f7.4)') x</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>real</code> (<em>exponential</em>)</td>
<td><code>ew.d</code></td>
<td><code>write(*,'(e12.3)') y</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>character</code></td>
<td><code>a, aw</code></td>
<td><code>write(*,'(a)') string</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>logical</code></td>
<td><code>lw</code></td>
<td><code>write(*,'(l2)') test</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>spaces &amp; tabs</td>
<td><code>wx</code> &amp; <code>tw</code></td>
<td><code>write (*,'(i3,2x,f6.3)') i, x</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>linebreak</td>
<td><code>/</code></td>
<td><code>write (*,'(f6.3,/,f6.3)') x, y</code></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="39" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="39" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
<h1><code>NAMELIST</code></h1>
<p>It is possible to pre-define the structure of input and output data using <code>NAMELIST</code> in order to make it easier to process with <code>READ</code> and <code>WRITE</code> statements</p>
<ul>
<li>Use <code>NAMELIST</code> to define the data structure</li>
<li>Use <code>READ</code> or <code>WRITE</code> with reference to <code>NAMELIST</code> to handle the data in the specified format</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>This is not part of standard F77 but it is included in &gt;F90</p>
</blockquote>
<p>On input, the <code>NAMELIST</code> data must be structured as follows:</p>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap>&amp;INPUT
  THICK=<span class="hljs-number">0.245</span>,
  LENGTH=<span class="hljs-number">12.34</span>,
  WIDTH=<span class="hljs-number">2.34</span>,
  DENSITY=<span class="hljs-number">0.0034</span>
/
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="40" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="40" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
<h1>Internal <code>WRITE</code> Statement</h1>
<p>Internal <code>WRITE</code> does same as <code>ENCODE</code> in F77 : <strong>a cast to string</strong></p>
<blockquote>
<p><code>WRITE (dev_no, format_label) var_list</code><br />
write variables in <code>var_list</code> to internal storage defined by character variable used as <code>dev_no</code> = default character variable (not an array)</p>
</blockquote>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">INTEGER</span>*<span class="hljs-number">4</span> J,K
<span class="hljs-keyword">CHARACTER</span>*<span class="hljs-number">50</span> CHAR50
<span class="hljs-keyword">DATA</span> J,K/<span class="hljs-number">1</span>,<span class="hljs-number">2</span>/
...
<span class="hljs-built_in">WRITE</span>(CHAR50,*) J,K
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
<p>Results:</p>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap>CHAR50=<span class="hljs-string">&#x27;    1     2&#x27;</span>
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
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</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="41" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="41" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
<h1>Internal <code>READ</code> Statement</h1>
<p>Internal <code>READ</code> does same as <code>DECODE</code> in F77 : <strong>a cast from string</strong></p>
<blockquote>
<p><code>READ (dev_no, format_label) var_list</code><br />
read variables from internal storage specified by character variable used as <code>dev_no</code> = default character variable (not an array)</p>
</blockquote>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">INTEGER</span> K
<span class="hljs-keyword">REAL</span> A,B
<span class="hljs-keyword">CHARACTER</span>*<span class="hljs-number">80</span> REC80
<span class="hljs-keyword">DATA</span> REC80/<span class="hljs-string">&#x27;1.2, 2.3, -5&#x27;</span>/
...
READ(REC80,*) A,B,K
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
<p>Results:</p>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap>A=<span class="hljs-number">1.2</span>, B=<span class="hljs-number">2.3</span>, K=-<span class="hljs-number">5</span>
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="42" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="42" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
<h1>Structured programming</h1>
<p>Structured programming is based on subprograms (functions and subroutines) and control statements (like <code>IF</code> statements or loops) :</p>
<ul>
<li>structure the control-flow of your programs (eg, give up the <code>GO TO</code>)</li>
<li>improved readability</li>
<li>lower level aspect of coding in a smart way</li>
</ul>
<p>It is a <strong>programming paradigm</strong> aimed at improving the quality, clarity, and access time of a computer program</p>
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</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="43" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="43" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
<h1>Functions and Subroutines</h1>
<p><code>FUNCTION</code> &amp; <code>SUBROUTINE</code> are subprograms that allow structured coding</p>
<ul>
<li><code>FUNCTION</code>: returns a single explicit function value for given function arguments<br />
It’s also a variable → so must be declared !</li>
<li><code>SUBROUTINE</code>: any values returned must be returned through the arguments (no explicit subroutine value is returned)</li>
<li>functions and subroutines are <strong>not recursive in F77</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>Subprograms use a separate namespace for each subprogram so that variables are local to the subprogram</p>
<ul>
<li>variables are passed to subprogram through argument list and returned in function value or through arguments</li>
<li>variables stored in <code>COMMON</code> may be shared between namespaces</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="44" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="44" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
<h1>Functions and Subroutines - cont'd</h1>
<p>Subprograms must include at least one <code>RETURN</code> (can have more) and be terminated by an <code>END</code> statement</p>
<p><code>FUNCTION</code> example:</p>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">REAL</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">FUNCTION</span></span> AVG3(A,B,C)
AVG3=(A+B+C)/<span class="hljs-number">3</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">RETURN</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">END</span>
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
<p>Use:</p>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap>AV = WEIGHT*AVG3(A1,F2,B2)
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p><code>FUNCTION</code> type is implicitly defined as REAL</p>
</blockquote>
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</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="45" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="45" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
<h1>Functions and Subroutines - cont'd</h1>
<p>Subroutine is invoked using the <code>CALL</code> statement</p>
<p><code>SUBROUTINE</code> example:</p>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">SUBROUTINE</span></span> AVG3S(A,B,C,AVERAGE)
AVERAGE=(A+B+C)/<span class="hljs-number">3</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">RETURN</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">END</span>
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
<p>Use:</p>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">CALL</span> AVG3S(A1,F2,B2,AVR)
RESULT = WEIGHT*AVR
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>any returned values must be returned through argument list</p>
</blockquote>
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</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="46" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="46" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
<h1>Arguments</h1>
<p>Arguments in subprogram are <code>dummy</code> arguments used in place of the real arguments</p>
<ul>
<li>arguments are passed by <strong>reference</strong> (memory address) if given as <em>symbolic</em><br />
the subprogram can then alter the actual argument value since it can access it by reference</li>
<li>arguments are passed by <strong>value</strong> if given as <em>literal</em> (so cannot be modified)</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">CALL</span> AVG3S(A1,<span class="hljs-number">3.4</span>,C1,QAV)
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>2nd argument is passed by value - QAV contains result</p>
</blockquote>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">CALL</span> AVG3S(A,C,B,<span class="hljs-number">4.1</span>)
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>no return value is available since &quot;4.1&quot; is a value and not a reference to a variable!</p>
</blockquote>
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</section>
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<h1>Arguments - cont'd</h1>
<ul>
<li><code>dummy</code> arguments appearing in a subprogram declaration cannot be an individual array element reference, e.g., <code>A(2)</code>, or a <em>literal</em>, for obvious reasons!</li>
<li>arguments used in invocation (by calling program) may be <em>variables</em>, <em>subscripted variables</em>, <em>array names</em>, <em>literals</em>, <em>expressions</em> or <em>function names</em></li>
<li>using symbolic arguments (variables or array names) is the <strong>only way</strong> to return a value (result) from a  <code>SUBROUTINE</code></li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>It is considered <strong>BAD coding practice</strong>, but functions can return values by changing the value of arguments<br />
This type of use should be strictly <strong>avoided</strong>!</p>
</blockquote>
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<h1>Arguments - cont'd</h1>
<p>The <code>INTENT</code> keyword (&gt;F90) increases readability and enables better compile-time error checking</p>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">SUBROUTINE</span></span> AVG3S(A,B,C,AVERAGE)
  <span class="hljs-keyword">IMPLICIT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">NONE</span>
  <span class="hljs-keyword">REAL</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">INTENT</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">IN</span>)    :: A, B
  <span class="hljs-keyword">REAL</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">INTENT</span>(INOUT) :: C        <span class="hljs-comment">! default</span>
  <span class="hljs-keyword">REAL</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">INTENT</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">OUT</span>)   :: AVERAGE
  
  A = <span class="hljs-number">10</span>                          <span class="hljs-comment">! Compilation error</span>
  C = <span class="hljs-number">10</span>                          <span class="hljs-comment">! Correct</span>
  AVERAGE=(A+B+C)/<span class="hljs-number">3</span>               <span class="hljs-comment">! Correct</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">END</span>
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>Compiler uses <code>INTENT</code> for error checking and optimization</p>
</blockquote>
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<h1><code>FUNCTION</code> versus Array</h1>
<p><code>REMAINDER(4,3)</code> could be a 2D array or it could be a reference to a function</p>
<p>If the name, including arguments, <strong>matches an array declaration</strong>, then it is taken to be an array, <strong>otherwise</strong>, it is assumed to be a <code>FUNCTION</code></p>
<p>Be careful about <code>implicit</code> versus <code>explicit</code> type declarations with <code>FUNCTION</code></p>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">PROGRAM</span></span> MAIN
  <span class="hljs-keyword">INTEGER</span> REMAINDER
  ...
  KR = REMAINDER(<span class="hljs-number">4</span>,<span class="hljs-number">3</span>)
  ...
<span class="hljs-keyword">END</span>

<span class="hljs-keyword">INTEGER</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">FUNCTION</span></span> REMAINDER(INUM,IDEN)
  ...
<span class="hljs-keyword">END</span>
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
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<h1>Arrays with Subprograms</h1>
<p>Arrays present special problems in subprograms</p>
<ul>
<li>must pass by reference to subprogram since there is no way to list array values explicitly as literals</li>
<li>how do you tell subprogram how large the array is ?</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>Answer varies with FORTRAN version and vendor (dialect)...</p>
</blockquote>
<p>When an array element, e.g. <code>A(1)</code>, is used in a subprogram invocation (in calling program), it is passed as a reference (address), just like a simple variable</p>
<p>When an array is used by name in a subprogram invocation (in calling program), it is passed as a reference to the entire array. In this case the array must be appropriately dimensioned in the subroutine (and this can be tricky...)</p>
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<h1>Arrays - cont'd</h1>
<h3>Data layout in multi-dimensional arrays</h3>
<ul>
<li>always increment the left-most index of multi-dimensional arrays in the innermost loop (i.e. fastest)</li>
<li><strong>column major</strong> ordering in Fortran vs. <strong>row major</strong> ordering in C</li>
<li>a compiler (with sufficient optimization flags) may re-order loops automatically</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">do</span> j=<span class="hljs-number">1</span>,M
  <span class="hljs-keyword">do</span> i=<span class="hljs-number">1</span>,N <span class="hljs-comment">! innermost loop</span>
    y(i) = y(i)+ a(i,j)*x(j) <span class="hljs-comment">! left-most index is i</span>
  <span class="hljs-keyword">end</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">do</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">end</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">do</span>
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
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<h1>Arrays - cont'd</h1>
<ul>
<li>dynamically allocate memory for arrays using <code>ALLOCATABLE</code> on declaration</li>
<li>memory is allocated through <code>ALLOCATE</code> statement in the code and is deallocated through <code>DEALLOCATE</code> statement</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">integer</span> :: m, n
<span class="hljs-keyword">integer</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">allocatable</span> :: idx(:)
<span class="hljs-keyword">real</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">allocatable</span> :: mat(:,:)
m = <span class="hljs-number">100</span> ; n = <span class="hljs-number">200</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in">allocate</span>( idx(<span class="hljs-number">0</span>:m-<span class="hljs-number">1</span>))
<span class="hljs-built_in">allocate</span>( mat(m, n))
...
<span class="hljs-built_in">deallocate</span>(idx , mat)
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>It exists many array intrinsic functions: SIZE, SHAPE, SUM, ANY, MINVAL, MAXLOC, RESHAPE, DOT_PRODUCT, TRANSPOSE, WHERE, FORALL, etc</p>
</blockquote>
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<h1><code>COMMON</code> &amp; <code>MODULE</code> Statement</h1>
<p>The <code>COMMON</code> statement allows variables to have a more extensive scope than otherwise</p>
<ul>
<li>a variable declared in a <code>Main Program</code> can be made accessible to subprograms (without appearing in argument lists of a calling statement)</li>
<li>this can be selective (don't have to share all everywhere)</li>
<li><strong>placement</strong>: among type declarations, after <code>IMPLICIT</code> or <code>EXPLICIT</code>, before <code>DATA</code> statements</li>
<li>can group into <strong>labeled</strong> <code>COMMON</code></li>
</ul>
<p>With &gt; F90, it's better to use the <code>MODULE</code> subprogram instead of the <code>COMMON</code> statement</p>
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<h1>Modular programming (&gt;F90)</h1>
<p>Modular programming is about separating parts of programs into independent and interchangeable modules :</p>
<ul>
<li>improve testability</li>
<li>improve maintainability</li>
<li>re-use of code</li>
<li>higher level aspect of coding in a smart way</li>
<li><em>separation of concerns</em></li>
</ul>
<p>The principle is that making significant parts of the code independent, replaceable and independently testable makes your programs <strong>more maintainable</strong></p>
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<h1>Subprograms type</h1>
<p><code>MODULE</code> are subprograms that allow modular coding and data encapsulation</p>
<p>The interface of a subprogram type is <strong>explicit</strong> or <strong>implicit</strong></p>
<p>Several types of subprograms:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>intrinsic</code>: explicit - defined by Fortran itself (trignonometric functions, etc)</li>
<li><code>module</code>: explicit - defined with <code>MODULE</code> statement and used with <code>USE</code></li>
<li><code>internal</code>: explicit - defined with <code>CONTAINS</code> statement inside (sub)programs</li>
<li><code>external</code>: implicit (but can be manually (re)defined explicit) - e.g. <strong>libraries</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>Differ with the <strong>scope</strong>: what data and other subprograms a subprogram can access</p>
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<h1><code>MODULE</code> type</h1>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">MODULE</span> example
  <span class="hljs-keyword">IMPLICIT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">NONE</span>
  <span class="hljs-keyword">INTEGER</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">PARAMETER</span> :: <span class="hljs-built_in">index</span> = <span class="hljs-number">10</span>
  <span class="hljs-keyword">REAL</span>(<span class="hljs-number">8</span>), <span class="hljs-keyword">SAVE</span>      :: latitude
<span class="hljs-keyword">CONTAINS</span>
  <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">FUNCTION</span></span> check(x) RESULT(z)
  <span class="hljs-keyword">INTEGER</span> :: x, z
  ...
  <span class="hljs-keyword">END</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">FUNCTION</span></span> check
<span class="hljs-keyword">END</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">MODULE</span> example
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">PROGRAM</span></span> myprog
  <span class="hljs-keyword">USE</span> example, <span class="hljs-keyword">ONLY</span>: check, latitude
  <span class="hljs-keyword">IMPLICIT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">NONE</span>
  ...
  test = check(a)
  ...
<span class="hljs-keyword">END</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">PROGRAM</span></span> myprog
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
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<h1><code>internal</code> subprogams</h1>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">program</span></span> main
  <span class="hljs-keyword">implicit</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">none</span>
  <span class="hljs-keyword">integer</span> N
  <span class="hljs-keyword">real</span> X(<span class="hljs-number">20</span>)
  ...
  <span class="hljs-built_in">write</span>(*,*), <span class="hljs-string">&#x27;Processing x...&#x27;</span>, process()
  ...
<span class="hljs-keyword">contains</span>
  <span class="hljs-keyword">logical</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">function</span></span> process()
    <span class="hljs-comment">! in this function N and X can be accessed directly (scope of main)</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment">! Please not that this method is not recommended:</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment">! it would be better to pass X as an argument of process</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword">implicit</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">none</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (<span class="hljs-built_in">sum</span>(x) &gt; <span class="hljs-number">5.</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">then</span>
       process = .FALSE.
    <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span>
       process = .TRUE.
    <span class="hljs-keyword">endif</span>
  <span class="hljs-keyword">end</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">function</span></span> process
<span class="hljs-keyword">end</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">program</span></span>
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
</section>
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<h1><code>external</code> subprogams</h1>
<ul>
<li><code>external</code> subprogams are defined in a separate program unit</li>
<li>to use them in another program unit, refer with the <code>EXTERNAL</code> statement</li>
<li>compiled separately and linked</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>!!! DO NOT USE THEM</strong>: modules are much easier and more robust <img class="emoji" draggable="false" alt="❗" src="https://twemoji.maxcdn.com/v/14.0.2/svg/2757.svg" data-marp-twemoji=""/></p>
<p>They are only needed when subprogams are written with different programming language or when using external libraries (such as BLAS)</p>
<blockquote>
<p>It's <strong>highly</strong> recommended to construct <code>INTERFACE</code> blocks for any external subprogams used</p>
</blockquote>
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<h1><code>interface</code> statement</h1>
<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">SUBROUTINE</span></span> nag_rand(table)
  <span class="hljs-keyword">INTERFACE</span> 
    <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">SUBROUTINE</span></span> g05faf(a,b,n,x)
      <span class="hljs-keyword">REAL</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">INTENT</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">IN</span>)    :: a, b
      <span class="hljs-keyword">INTEGER</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">INTENT</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">IN</span>) :: n
      <span class="hljs-keyword">REAL</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">INTENT</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">OUT</span>)   :: x(n)
    <span class="hljs-keyword">END</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">SUBROUTINE</span></span> g05faf
  <span class="hljs-keyword">END</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">INTERFACE</span>
  <span class="hljs-comment">!</span>
  <span class="hljs-keyword">REAL</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">DIMENSION</span>(:), <span class="hljs-keyword">INTENT</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">OUT</span>) :: table
  <span class="hljs-comment">!</span>
  <span class="hljs-keyword">call</span> g05faf(-<span class="hljs-number">1.0</span>,-<span class="hljs-number">1.0</span>, <span class="hljs-built_in">SIZE</span>(table), table)
<span class="hljs-keyword">END</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">SUBROUTINE</span></span> nag_rand
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="60" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="60" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
<h1>Conclusions</h1>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Fortran in all its standard versions and vendor-specific dialects is a rich but confusing language</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Fortran is a modern language that continues to evolve</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Fortran is still ideally suited for numerical computations in engineering and science</p>
<ul>
<li>most new language features have been added since F95</li>
<li>&quot;High Performance Fortran&quot; includes capabilities designed for parallel processing</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
</section>
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</script></foreignObject></svg></div><div class="bespoke-marp-note" data-index="55" tabindex="0"><p>Notes for presenter.</p><p>```fortran
module subs

contains

subroutine asub (i, control)

   implicit none

   integer, intent (in) :: i
   logical, intent (in) :: control

   integer, save :: j = 0
   integer :: k

   j = j + i
   if ( control ) k = 0
   k = k + i

   write (*, *) 'i, j, k=', i, j, k

end subroutine asub

end module subs

program test_saves

   use subs
   implicit none

   call asub ( 3, .TRUE. )
   call asub ( 4, .FALSE. )

end program test_saves
```

Local variable k of the subroutine is intentionally misused -- in this program it is initialized in the first call since control is TRUE, but on the second call control is FALSE, so k is not redefined. But without the save attribute k is undefined, so the using its value is illegal.

```fortran
 i, j, k=           3           3           3
 i, j, k=           4           7           7
```

Compiling the program with ifort and aggressive optimization options, k lost its value:

```fortran
 i, j, k=           3           3           3
 i, j, k=           4           7           4
```</p></div><script>/*!! License: https://unpkg.com/@marp-team/marp-cli@1.7.1/lib/bespoke.js.LICENSE.txt */
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